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The Bar Kokhba revolt ( or ''mered Bar Kokhba''), was a rebellion of the Jews of Judea Province, led by Simon bar Kokhba, against the Roman Empire. Fought circa 132–136 CE,〔for the year 136, see: W. Eck, ''The Bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of View'', pp. 87–88.〕 it was the last of three major Jewish–Roman wars, so it is also known as The Third Jewish–Roman War or The Third Jewish Revolt. Some historians also refer to it as the Second Revolt of Judea, not counting the Kitos War (115–117 CE), which had only marginally been fought in Judea. The revolt erupted as a result of religious and political tensions in Judea province, bringing the conflict of the Romans and the Jews into its climax. Simon bar Kokhba, the commander of the revolt, was regarded by many Jews as the Messiah, who would restore their national independence. Initial rebel victories over Romans established an independent state of Israel over parts of Judea for over two years, as Bar Kokhba took the title of Nasi ("prince"). This setback however caused Roman Emperor Hadrian to assemble a large scale Roman force from across the Empire, which invaded Judea in 134 under the command of Roman General Julius Severus. The Roman army was made of six full legions with auxiliaries and elements from up to six additional legions, which finally managed to crush the revolt. The Bar Kokhba revolt resulted in an extensive depopulation of Judean communities, more so than the First Jewish–Roman War of 70 CE. The Jewish communities of Judea were devastated in events some scholars describe as a genocide.〔〔Totten, S. ''Teaching about genocide: issues, approaches and resources.'' p24. ()〕 According to Cassius Dio, 580,000 Jews perished in the war and many more died of hunger and disease, while those who survived were sold into slavery. Roman casualties were also considered heavy - XXII ''Deiotariana'' was disbanded after serious losses.〔L. J. F. Keppie (2000) ''Legions and veterans: Roman army papers 1971-2000'' Franz Steiner Verlag, ISBN 3-515-07744-8 pp 228-229〕〔(livius.org account )(Legio XXII Deiotariana)〕 In addition, some historians argue that Legio IX Hispana disbandment in the mid-2nd century could also have been a result of this war.〔 In an attempt to erase any memory of Judea or Ancient Israel, Emperor Hadrian wiped the name off the map and replaced it with Syria Palaestina.〔H.H. Ben-Sasson, ''A History of the Jewish People'', Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-674-39731-2, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."〕〔Ariel Lewin. ''The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine''. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name - one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus - Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." ISBN 0-89236-800-4〕〔(''The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered'' ) by Peter Schäfer, ISBN 3-16-148076-7〕 The Bar Kokhba revolt had greatly influenced the course of the Jewish history and the philosophy of the Jewish religion. Despite easing persecution of Jews following Hadrian's death in 138 CE, the Romans barred Jews from Jerusalem, except for attendance in Tisha B'Av. Jewish messianism was abstracted and spiritualized, and rabbinical political thought became deeply cautious and conservative. The Talmud, for instance, refers to Bar Kokhba as "Ben-Kusiba," a derogatory term used to indicate that he was a false Messiah. It was also among the key events to differentiate Christianity as a religion distinct from Judaism.〔M. Avi-Yonah, ''The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule'', Jerusalem 1984 p. 143〕 Although Jewish Christians regarded Jesus as the Messiah and did not support Bar Kokhba,〔Justin, "Apologia", ii.71, compare "Dial." cx; Eusebius "Hist. Eccl." iv.6,§2; Orosius "Hist." vii.13〕 they were barred from Jerusalem along with the Jews. ==Background== After the First Jewish–Roman War in 70 CE, the Roman authorities took measures to suppress the rebellious province of Judea. Instead of a procurator, they installed a praetor as a governor and stationed an entire legion, the X ''Fretensis'', in the area. Tensions continued to build up in the wake of the Kitos War, the second large-scale Jewish insurrection in the Eastern Mediterranean, the final stages of which saw fighting in Judea. Historians have suggested multiple reasons for the sparking of the Bar Kokhba revolt, long-term and proximate. The revolt is shrouded in mystery, and only one brief historical account of the rebellion survives.〔Hanan Eshel,('The Bar Kochba revolt, 132-135,' ) in William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.) ''The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period,'' pp.105-127, p.105.〕 Several elements are believed to have contributed to the rebellion; changes in administrative law, the diffuse presence of Romans, alterations in agricultural practice with a shift from landowning to sharecropping, the impact of a possible period of economic decline, and an upsurge of nationalism, the latter influenced by similar revolts among the Jewish communities in Egypt, Cyrenaica, Libya and Mesopotamia during the reign of Trajan.〔 The proximate reasons seem to centre around the proscription of circumcision, the construction of a new city, Aelia Capitolina, over the ruins of Jerusalem, and the erection of a temple to Jupiter on the Temple mount.〔 One interpretation involves the visit in 130 CE of the Roman Emperor Hadrian to the ruins of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. At first sympathetic towards the Jews, Hadrian promised to rebuild the Temple, but the Jews felt betrayed when they found out that he intended to build a temple dedicated to Jupiter upon the ruins of the Second Temple.〔 A rabbinic version of this story claims that Hadrian planned on rebuilding the Temple, but that a malevolent Samaritan convinced him not to. The reference to a malevolent Samaritan is, however, a familiar device of Jewish literature. An additional legion, the VI ''Ferrata'', arrived in the province to maintain order. Works on Aelia Capitolina, as Jerusalem was to be called, commenced in 131 CE. The governor of Judea, Tineius Rufus, performed the foundation ceremony, which involved ploughing over the designated city limits.〔See 〕 "Ploughing up the Temple",〔The Mishnah has a segment: "()n the 9th of Ab...and the city was ploughed up." on mas. Taanith, Chapter 4, Mishnah no. 6. See: * * * 〕〔The Babylonian Talmud and Jerusalem Talmud both explicate the segment refers to Rufus: Babylonian: mas. Taanith 29a. See * * * . See notes on 〕〔The Jerusalem Talmud relates it to the Temple, Taanith 25b: * * 〕 seen as a religious offence, turned many Jews against the Roman authorities. The Romans issued a coin inscribed ''Aelia Capitolina''. A disputed tradition, based on the single source of the ''Historia Augusta'', suggests that tensions grew higher when Hadrian abolished circumcision (''brit milah''), which he, a Hellenist, viewed as mutilation.〔Mackay, Christopher. ''Ancient Rome a Military and Political History'' 2007: 230〕 However others maintain that there is no evidence for this claim.〔Peter Schäfer Mohr Siebeck. ''The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome''. 2003. p.68〕〔The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest By Peter Schäfer Routledge, 2 Sep 2003 pg 146〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bar Kokhba revolt」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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